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Growth Structures
The below tables are three groupings of the elements: 1) By atomic number, 2) By group Classification, and 3) By Crystal Structure. Each row provides the atomic number, the chemical symbol for the element, the element, classification, crystal structure and orbitals. Note that the orbitals are electronic orbitals, and written as the shells (i.e. 1s, 3p, 2d...) and the number of electrons in that shell (i.e. 1s2 implies 2 electrons in the 1s shell). For simplicity, the inner orbitals are shown as an element -- e.g. silicon has the electron orbital structure of Neon, plus 2 electrons in the 3s shell and 2 electrons in the 3p shell. Finally, elements which are synthetically prepared are shown in a lighter type (e.g. Technetium). The above is considered reference material for the discussion in Rhodium and Iridium. Organized by Atomic Number Atomic # Symbol Element Classification Crystal Structure Orbitals 1 H Hydrogen Non-Metal Hexagonal 1s1 2 He Helium Noble Gas Hexagonal 1s2 3 Li Lithium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [He] 2s1 4 Be Beryllium Alkali Earth Metal Hexagonal [He] 2s2 5 B Boron Non-Metal Rhombohedral [He] 2s2 2p1 6 C Carbon Non-Metal Hexagonal [He] 2s2 2p2 7 N Nitrogen Non-Metal Hexagonal [He] 2s2 2p3 8 O Oxygen Non-Metal Cubic [He] 2s2 2p4 9 F Fluorine Halogen Cubic [He] 2s2 2p5 10 Ne Neon Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [He] 2s2 2p6 11 Na Sodium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ne] 3s1 12 Mg Magnesium Alkali Earth Metal Hexagonal [Ne] 3s2 13 Al Aluminum Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ne] 3s2 3p1 14 Si Silicon Non-Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ne] 3s2 3p2 15 P Phosphorus Non-Metal Monoclinic [Ne] 3s2 3p3 16 S Sulfur Non-Metal Orthorhombic [Ne] 3s2 3p4 17 Cl Chlorine Halogen Orthorhombic [Ne] 3s2 3p5 18 Ar Argon Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [Ne] 3s2 3p6 19 K Potassium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 4s1 20 Ca Calcium Alkali Earth Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 4s2 21 Sc Scandium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d1 4s2 22 Ti Titanium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d2 4s2 23 V Vanadium Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 3d3 4s2 24 Cr Chromium Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 3d5 4s1 * 25 Mn Manganese Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 3d5 4s2 26 Fe Iron Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 3d6 4s2 27 Co Cobalt Transition Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d7 4s2 28 Ni Nickel Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 3d8 4s2 29 Cu Copper Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 3d10 4s1 * 30 Zn Zinc Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d10 4s2 31 Ga Gallium Metal Orthorhombic [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 32 Ge Germanium Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 33 As Arsenic Non-Metal Rhombohedral [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 34 Se Selenium Non-Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 35 Br Bromine Halogen Orthorhombic [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 36 Kr Krypton Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 37 Rb Rubidium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Kr] 5s1 38 Sr Strontium Alkali Earth Metal Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 5s2 39 Y Yttrium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d1 5s2 40 Zr Zirconium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d2 5s2 41 Nb Niobium Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Kr] 4d4 5s1 * 42 Mo Molybdenum Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Kr] 4d5 5s1 * 43 Tc Technetium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d5 5s2 44* Ru Ruthenium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d7 5s1 * 45*** Rh Rhodium Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 4d8 5s1 * 46* Pd Palladium Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 4d10 ** 47*** Ag Silver Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 4d10 5s1 * 48 Cd Cadmium Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d10 5s2 49 In Indium Metal Tetragonal [Kr] 4d105s25p1 50 Sn Tin Metal Tetragonal [Kr] 4d105s25p2 51 Sb Antimony Metal Rhombohedral [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 52 Te Tellurium Non-Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 53 I Iodine Halogen Orthorhombic [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 54 Xe Xenon Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 55 Cs Caesium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 6s1 56 Ba Barium Alkali Earth Metal Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 6s2 57 La Lanthanum Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 5d1 6s2 58 Ce Cerium Lanthanide Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 * 59 Pr Praseodymium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f3 6s2 * 60 Nd Neodymium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f4 6s2 61 Pm Promethium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f5 6s2 62 Sm Samarium Lanthanide Rhombohedral [Xe] 4f6 6s2 63 Eu Europium Lanthanide Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 4f7 6s2 64 Gd Gadolinium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 * 65 Tb Terbium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f9 6s2 * 66 Dy Dysprosium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f10 6s2 67 Ho Holmium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f11 6s2 68 Er Erbium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f12 6s2 69 Tm Thulium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f13 6s2 70 Yb Ytterbium Lanthanide Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f14 6s2 71 Lu Lutetium Transitional Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 72 Hf Hafnium Transitional Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 73 Ta Tantalum Transitional Metal Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 74 W Tungsten Transitional Metal Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 75 Re Rhenium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 76* Os Osmium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 77*** Ir Iridium Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 78* Pt Platinum Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1* 79*** Au Gold Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f145d106s1* 80 Hg Mercury Metal Rhombohedral [Xe] 4f14 5d106s2 81 Tl Thalium Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f145d106s26p1 82 Pb Lead Metal Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f145d106s26p2 83 Bi Bismuth Metal Rhombohedral [Xe] 4f145d106s26p3 84 Po Polonium Metal Monoclinic [Xe] 4f145d106s26p4 85 At Astatine Halogen ? [Xe] 4f145d106s26p5 86 Rn Radon Noble gas Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f145d106s26p6 87 Fr Francium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Rn] 7s1 88 Ra Radium Alkali Earth Metal Cubic-Body centered [Rn] 7s2 89 Ac Actinium Actinide Cubic-Face centered [Rn] 6d1 7s2 90 Th Thorium Actinide Cubic-Face centered [Rn] 6d2 7s2 91 Pa Protactinium Actinide Orthorhombic [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2* 92 U Uranium Actinide Orthorhombic [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 93 Np Neptunium Actinide Orthorhombic [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 94 Pu Plutonium Actinide Monoclinic [Rn] 5f6 7s2 * 95 Am Americium Actinide Hexagonal [Rn] 5f7 7s2 96 Cm Curium Actinide Hexagonal [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 * 97 Bk Berkelium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f9 7s2 * 98 Cf Californium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f10 7s2 99 Es Einsteinium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f11 7s2 100 Fm Fermium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f12 7s2 101 Md Mendelevium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f13 7s2 102 No Nobelium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f14 7s2 103 Lr Lawrencium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2 104 Rf Rutherfordium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 105 Db Dubnium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 106 Sg Seaborgium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 107 Bh Bohrium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 108 Hs Hassium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 109 Mt Meitnerium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 110 Uun Ununnilium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f146d97s1 * 111 Uuu Unununium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d107s1 112 Uub Ununbium Transitional Metal ? ? [Rn] 5f146d107s2 113 ? ? ? Metal ? ? [Rn]... 7p1 114 Uuq Ununquadium ? Metal ? ? [Rn]... 7p2 115 ? ? ? Metal ? ? [Rn]... 7p3 116 Uuh Ununhexium ? Metal ? ? [Rn]... 7p4 117 ? ? ? Halogen ? ? [Rn]... 7p5 118 Uuo Ununoctium ? Noble Gas ? ? [Rn]... 7p6 119 ? ? ? Alkali Metal ? ? [Uuo] 8s1 120 ? ? ? Alkali Earth Metal ? ? [Uuo] 8s2 ??? vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Organized by Crystal Structure Atomic # Symbol Element Classification Crystal Structure Orbitals 1 H Hydrogen Non-Metal Hexagonal 1s1 2 He Helium Noble Gas Hexagonal 1s2 4 Be Beryllium Alkali Earth Metal Hexagonal [He] 2s2 6 C Carbon Non-Metal Hexagonal [He] 2s2 2p2 7 N Nitrogen Non-Metal Hexagonal [He] 2s2 2p3 12 Mg Magnesium Alkali Earth Metal Hexagonal [Ne] 3s2 21 Sc Scandium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d1 4s2 22 Ti Titanium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d2 4s2 27 Co Cobalt Transition Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d7 4s2 30 Zn Zinc Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d10 4s2 34 Se Selenium Non-Metal Hexagonal [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 39 Y Yttrium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d1 5s2 40 Zr Zirconium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d2 5s2 43 Tc Technetium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d5 5s2 44 Ru Ruthenium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d7 5s1 * 48 Cd Cadmium Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d10 5s2 52 Te Tellurium Non-Metal Hexagonal [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 57 La Lanthanum Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 5d1 6s2 59 Pr Praseodymium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f3 6s2 * 60 Nd Neodymium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f4 6s2 61 Pm Promethium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f5 6s2 64 Gd Gadolinium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 * 65 Tb Terbium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f9 6s2 * 66 Dy Dysprosium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f10 6s2 67 Ho Holmium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f11 6s2 68 Er Erbium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f12 6s2 69 Tm Thulium Lanthanide Hexagonal [Xe] 4f13 6s2 71 Lu Lutetium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 72 Hf Hafnium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 75 Re Rhenium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 76 Os Osmium Transition Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 81 Tl Thalium Metal Hexagonal [Xe] 4f145d106s2 6p1 95 Am Americium Actinide Hexagonal [Rn] 5f7 7s2 96 Cm Curium Actinide Hexagonal [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 * 8 O Oxygen Non-Metal Cubic [He] 2s2 2p4 9 F Fluorine Halogen Cubic [He] 2s2 2p5 3 Li Lithium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [He] 2s1 11 Na Sodium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ne] 3s1 19 K Potassium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 4s1 23 V Vanadium Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 3d3 4s2 24 Cr Chromium Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 3d5 4s1 * 25 Mn Manganese Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 3d5 4s2 26 Fe Iron Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Ar] 3d6 4s2 37 Rb Rubidium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Kr] 5s1 41 Nb Niobium Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Kr] 4d4 5s1 * 42 Mo Molybdenum Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Kr] 4d5 5s1 * 55 Cs Cesium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 6s1 56 Ba Barium Alkali Earth Metal Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 6s2 63 Eu Europium Lanthanide Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 4f7 6s2 73 Ta Tantalum Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 74 W Tungsten Transition Metal Cubic-Body centered [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 87 Fr Francium Alkali Metal Cubic-Body centered [Rn] 7s1 88 Ra Radium Alkali Earth Metal Cubic-Body centered [Rn] 7s2 5 B Boron Non-Metal Rhombohedral [He] 2s2 2p1 33 As Arsenic Non-Metal Rhombohedral [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 51 Sb Antimony Metal Rhombohedral [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 62 Sm Samarium Lanthanide Rhombohedral [Xe] 4f6 6s2 80 Hg Mercury Metal Rhombohedral [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 83 Bi Bismuth Metal Rhombohedral [Xe] 4f145d106s2 6p3 10 Ne Neon Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [He] 2s2 2p6 13 Al Aluminum Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ne] 3s2 3p1 14 Si Silicon Non-Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ne] 3s2 3p2 18 Ar Argon Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [Ne] 3s2 3p6 20 Ca Calcium Alkali Earth Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 4s2 28 Ni Nickel Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 3d8 4s2 29 Cu Copper Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 3d10 4s1 * 32 Ge Germanium Metal Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 36 Kr Krypton Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 38 Sr Strontium Alkali Earth Metal Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 5s2 45*** Rh Rhodium Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 4d8 5s1 * 46* Pd Palladium Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 4d10 ** 47*** Ag Silver Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 4d10 5s1 * 54 Xe Xenon Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 58 Ce Cerium Lanthanide Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 * 70 Yb Ytterbium Lanthanide Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f14 6s2 77*** Ir Iridium Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 78* Pt Platinum Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1* 79*** Au Gold Transition Metal Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1* 82 Pb Lead Metal Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f145d106s2 6p2 86 Rn Radon Noble Gas Cubic-Face centered [Xe] 4f145d106s2 6p6 89 Ac Actinium Actinide Cubic-Face centered [Rn] 6d1 7s2 90 Th Thorium Actinide Cubic-Face centered [Rn] 6d2 7s2 15 P Phosphorus Non-Metal Monoclinic [Ne] 3s2 3p3 84 Po Polonium Metal Monoclinic [Xe] 4f145d106s2 6p4 94 Pu Plutonium Actinide Monoclinic [Rn] 5f6 7s2 * 16 S Sulfur Non-Metal Orthorhombic [Ne] 3s2 3p4 17 Cl Chlorine Halogen Orthorhombic [Ne] 3s2 3p5 31 Ga Gallium Metal Orthorhombic [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 35 Br Bromine Halogen Orthorhombic [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 53 I Iodine Halogen Orthorhombic [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 91 Pa Protactinium Actinide Orthorhombic [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2* 92 U Uranium Actinide Orthorhombic [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 93 Np Neptunium Actinide Orthorhombic [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 49 In Indium Metal Tetragonal [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 50 Sn Tin Metal Tetragonal [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 85 At Astatine Halogen ? Orthorhombic ? [Xe] 4f145d106s2 6p5 97 Bk Berkelium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f9 7s2 * 98 Cf Californium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f10 7s2 99 Es Einsteinium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f11 7s2 100 Fm Fermium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f12 7s2 101 Md Mendelevium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f13 7s2 102 No Nobelium Actinide ? [Rn] 5f14 7s2 103 Lr Lawrencium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2 104 Rf Rutherfordium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 105 Db Dubnium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 106 Sg Seaborgium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 107 Bh Bohrium Transitional Metal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 108 Hs Hassium Transitional Metal ? Hexagonal ? [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 109 Mt Meitnerium Transitional Metal ? Cubic-Face centered [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 110 Uun Ununnilium Transitional Metal ? Cubic-Face centered [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1 * 111 Uuu Unununium Transitional Metal ? Cubic-Face centered [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1 112 Uub Ununbium Transitional Metal ? ? [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 113 ? ? ? Metal ? ? [Rn]... 7p1 114 Uuq Ununquadium ? Metal ? ? [Rn]... 7p2 115 ? ? ? Metal ? ? [Rn]... 7p3 116 Uuh Ununhexium ? Metal ? ? [Rn]... 7p4 117 ? ? ? Halogen ? ? [Rn]... 7p5 118 Uuo Ununoctium ? Noble Gas ? ? [Rn]... 7p6 119 ? ? ? Alkali Metal ? ? [Uuo] 8s1 120 ? ? ? Alkali Earth Metal ? ? [Uuo] 8s2 ??? Nuclear Shell Structure ORME Physics ORME Forward to: Rhodium and Iridium ORME Biology |
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